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v4.2
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v4.2

    Jaccard Similarity

    Overview

    Jaccard similarity, also known as Jaccard index, was proposed by Paul Jaccard in 1901. It is an indicator of node similarity defined based on the semi-structured information of the internet. It divides the size of the intersection of two sets by the size of their union with the purpose to indicate how similar the two sets are. In the graph, Jaccard similarity uses node to represent set, and neighbors of node to represent elements in set, and to calculate the proportion of common neighbors in all neighbors.

    In application, elements in set typically are a series of properties of an entity. For instance, when calculating the similarity between two credit applications, elements are the phone number, email, device IP, company name and so on in the application form. In general graph applications, these kinds of information are often stored as properties of a node; however, when executing this algorithm, these information is designed as nodes and incorporated into the graph.

    The range of values of Jaccard similarity is [0,1]; the larger the value, the more similar the two sets are.

    Basic Concept

    Set

    A set consists of multiple elements; elements in a set are unordered and distinct; the number of elements in set A is the size of set A, denoted as |A|.

    Set that consists of common elements of set A and set B is called the intersection of A and B, denoted as A⋂B; set consists of all elements of set A and set B is called the union of A and B, denoted as A⋃B.

    In the image above, set A is {b,c,e,f,g}, set B is {a,d,b,g}, intersection A⋂B is {b,g}, union A⋃B is {a,b,c,d,e,f,g}.

    Jaccard Similarity

    Known sets A and B, Jaccard similarity between them can be expressed as:

    Jaccard similarity between sets A and B in the previous example can be calculated upon this definition: 2 / 7 = 0.2857.

    Neighbors

    In the graph, Kx is the set of neighbors of node x to represent set A, Ky is the set of neighbors of node y to represent set B. Note that neither Kx nor Ky contains repeated value, nor x, nor y, so the following interferences need to be eliminated when finding neighbors by edge in the graph:

    • Multiple edges between x/y and their neighbors
    • Self-loop edges of x and y
    • Edges between x and y

    In the graph above, the red and green nodes have 2 common neighbors and 6 neighbors in total, their Jaccard similarity is 2 / 6 = 0.3333.

    Special Case

    Isolated Node, Disconnected Graph

    There is rarely computational valuable isolated node (empty set) in practice, intersection that involves isolated node is empty, and Jaccard similarity is 0.

    For two nodes belong to different connected components, their Jaccard similarity must be 0.

    Self-loop Edge

    Self-loop edge of a node does not increase the number of neighbors of the node.

    Directed Edge

    For directed edges, the algorithm ignores the direction of edges but calculates them as undirected edges.

    Command and Configuration

    • Command: algo(similarity)
    • Configurations for the parameter params():
    Name
    Type
    Default
    Specification
    Description
    ids / uuids []_id / []_uuid / Mandatory IDs or UUIDs of the first set of nodes to be calculated
    ids2 / uuids2 []_id / []_uuid / Optional IDs or UUIDs of the second set of nodes to be calculated
    type string cosine jaccard / overlap / cosine / pearson / euclideanDistance / euclidean Measurement of the similarity:
    jaccard: Jaccard Similarity
    overlap: Overlap Similarity
    cosine: Cosine Similarity
    pearson: Pearson Correlation Coefficient
    euclideanDistance: Euclidean Distance
    euclidean: Normalized Euclidean Distance
    node_schema_property []@<schema>?.<property> / Numeric node property; LTE needed; schema can be either carried or not When type is cosine / pearson / euclideanDistance / euclidean, must specify two or more node properties to form the vector; when type is jaccard / overlap, this parameter is invalid
    limit int -1 >=-1 Number of results to return; return all results if sets to -1
    top_limit int -1 >=-1 Only available in the selection mode, limit the length of selection results (top_list) of each node, return the full top_list if sets to -1

    Calculation Mode

    This algorithm has two calculation modes:

    1. Pairing mode: when two sets of valid nodes are configured, pair each node in the first set with each node in the second set (Cartesian product), similarities are calculated for all node pairs.
    2. Selection mode: when only one set (the first) of valid nodes are configured, for each node in the set, calculate its similarities with all other nodes in the graph, return the results if the similarity > 0, order the results the descending similarity.

    Examples

    Example Graph

    The example graph shows the sports liked by userA, userB, userC and userD (UUIDs are 1, 2, 3 and 4 in order):

    Task Writeback

    1. File Writeback

    Calculation Mode
    Configuration
    Data in Each Row
    Pairing mode filename node1,node2,similarity
    Selection mode filename node,top_list

    Example: Calculate Jaccard similarity between userC and the sets of userA, userB and userD, write the algorithm results back to file

    algo(similarity).params({
      ids: "userC",
      ids2: ["userA", "userB", "userD"],
      type: "jaccard"
    }).write({
      file:{ 
        filename: "sc"
      }
    })
    

    Results: File sc

    userC,userA,0.25
    userC,userB,0.5
    userC,userD,0
    

    Example: For each user in the set of UUID = 1,2,3,4, select the nodes that have Jaccard similarity above 0 with the user, write the algorithm results back to file

    algo(similarity).params({
      uuids: [1,2,3,4],
      type: "jaccard"
    }).write({
      file:{ 
        filename: "list"
      }
    })
    

    Results: File list

    userA,userC:0.250000;userB:0.200000;userD:0.166667;
    userB,userC:0.500000;userD:0.250000;userA:0.200000;
    userC,userB:0.500000;userA:0.250000;
    userD,userB:0.250000;userA:0.166667;
    

    2. Property Writeback

    Not supported by this algorithm.

    3. Statistics Writeback

    This algorithm has no statistics.

    Direct Return

    Calculation Mode
    Alias Ordinal
    Type Description Column Name
    Pairing mode 0 []perNodePair Node pair and its similarity node1, node2, similarity
    Selection mode 0 []perNode Node and its selection results node, top_list

    Example: Calculate Jaccard similarity between user UUID = 1 and users UUID = 2,3,4, order results in the descending similarity

    algo(similarity).params({ 
      uuids: [1], 
      uuids2: [2,3,4],
      type: "jaccard"
    }) as jacc
    return jacc 
    order by jacc.similarity desc
    

    Results:

    node1 node2 similarity
    1 3 0.25
    1 2 0.2
    1 4 0.166666666666667

    Example: Select the node with the highest Jaccard similarity with nodes UUID = 1,2 respectively

    algo(similarity).params({
      uuids: [1,2],
      type: "jaccard",
      top_limit: 1
    }) as top
    return top
    

    Results:

    node top_list
    1 3:0.250000,
    2 3:0.500000,

    Streaming Return

    Calculation Mode
    Alias Ordinal
    Type Description Column Name
    Pairing mode 0 []perNodePair Node pair and its similarity node1, node2, similarity
    Selection mode 0 []perNode Node and its selection results node, top_list

    Example: Calculate Jaccard similariy between user UUID = 3 and users UUID = 1,2,4, only return results that have similariy above 0

    algo(similarity).params({ 
      uuids: [3], 
      uuids2: [1,2,4],
      type: "jaccard"
    }).stream() as jacc
    where jacc.similarity > 0
    return jacc
    

    Results:

    node1 node2 similarity
    3 1 0.25
    3 2 0.5

    Example: Select two nodes with the hightest Jaccard similarity with node UUID = 1

    algo(similarity).params({
      uuids: [1],
      type: "jaccard",
      top_limit: 2
    }).stream() as top
    return top
    

    Results:

    node top_list
    1 3:0.250000,2:0.200000,

    Real-time Statistics

    This algorithm has no statistics.

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